Obesity-Leptin and Energy loss & gain

Why some men & women fail to lose weight in spite of life style modifications & Gym etc:-Leave aside Corona : let us discuss on Leptin.  Traditionally, leptin has been regarded as a link between fat mass, food intake, and energy expenditure. Traditionally, leptin has been regarded as a link between fat mass, food intake, and energy expenditure. This link originally arose from animal research findings, but its application to describing human systems has since been challenged. In humans, there are many instances where leptin dissociate.The body's fat cells, under normal conditions, are responsible for the constant production and release of leptin.  Leptin levels rise during pregnancy and fall after parturition (childbirth).

·         Who is your ITO???  Who, chiefly  controls regulation of energy intake and energy  expenditure.? Assessed under U/S 130A of IT tax?? It is leptin who is te gate keeper of weight gain & weight loss (Chief accountant of Energy expenditure & energy gain of one’s body ) . A very small group of humans possess homozygous mutations for the leptin gene that leads to a constant desire for food, resulting in severe obesity. This condition can be treated somewhat successfully by the administration of recombinant human leptin.

What is the  Endocrine link between Leptin and Reproduction:?? Ans:-- leptin hormone is secreted from white fat cells. Appetite is controlled by many hormones & growth factors e .g  TSH, ACTH, NPY (Neurotransmitter-Neuropeptide-Y-e,g. in short called  NPY)  .Appetite center is controlled by all these factors and exprtesed as  “ eating behaviors”.. Leptin is synthesized by adipocyte of white adipose tissue-True or false?? Leptin is the Umpire of energy balance (balance sheet of anabolism & catabolism).

 Leptin (Greek leptos meaning thin) is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. It is one of the most important adipose derived hormones. The Ob(Lep) gene (Ob for obese, Lep for leptin) is located on chromosome 7 in humans. Elevated leptin concentrations are associated with elevated white blood cell counts in both men and women. Similar to what is observed in chronic inflammation, chronically-elevated leptin levels are associated with obesity, overeating, and inflammation-related diseases including hypertension. The body's fat cells, under normal conditions, are responsible for the constant production and release of leptin. This can also be produced by the placenta. Leptin levels rise during pregnancy and fall after parturition (childbirth). Leptin is also expressed in fetal membranes and the uterine tissue. Uterine contractions are inhibited by leptin. There is also evidence that leptin plays a role in hyperemesis gravidarum (severe morning sickness), in polycystic ovary syndrome and a 2007 research suggests that hypothalamic leptin is implicated in bone growth.

 What does leptin do in body??? Ans:-Leptin  controls and plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. It is one of the most important hormones.  Leptin itself was discovered in 1994 by Jeffrey M. Friedman and colleagues at the Rockefeller University through the study of such mice. Human leptin is a protein of 167 amino acids. It is manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body in  addition to white adipose tissue—the major source of leptin, But leptin is also produced in small amounts by brown adipose tissue, placenta to a small extent suncytitotrophoblasts), ovaries, skeletal muscle, stomach (lower part of fundic glands), mammary epithelial cells, bone marrow, pituitary and liver. Leptin has also been discovered to be synthesised from gastric chief cells and P/D1 cells in the stomach. Leptin, once released from fat tissue, can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to its receptors in the brain where it acts through the sympathetic nervous system to regulate bone metabolism.It is also possible that, in addition to its effects through the brain, leptin may act directly on cells in the bone to regulate bone metabolism. In reality, leptin probably signals to bone on multiple levels, with local and systemic checks and balances impacting the final outcome. As a result, the clinical utility of leptin for treatment of bone diseases remains open but ongoing research may yet provide much needed therapies for stimulating bone formation.

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