ABC
of Cellular immunity: Q,1: What are primary lymphoid organs in human body??
: Ans: These are Bone marrow& thymus. Q.2:-What are secondary Lymphoid organs: These are
1) Lymph nodes, 2) Tonsils 3) Spleen are termed as Secondary lymphoid organs. Of two
kinds of immunity i.e. humoral and cellular the cellular immunity is mediated by T
lymphocytes, which are also called T cells. Their name refers
to the organ from which they're produced: If from the thymus then such spl lymphocytes are
called T cells.: This type of cellular immunity promotes the
destruction of microbes residing in phagocytes, or the killing of
infected cells to eliminate reservoirs of infection.
.
Q.3:
What are the functions of Secondary lymphoid organs?? Ans;- These secondary lymphoid
organs filter many circulating microorganisms and antigens. Secondary lymphoid organs contain good
amount of T cells and B cells. If too much antigens /microorganism are being filtered,
as happens in acute infections , then in secondary Lymphoid system then such organs synthesize
large amount of T & B cells population. . This type of cellular immunity promotes the
destruction of microbes residing in phagocytes, or the killing of
infected cells to eliminate reservoirs of infection
Q. 4: Where
synthesized?? Ans:-T cells and B cells are primarily
synthesized in bone marrow but later settle at different parts of body lymphoid
system. As young T cells arrive at thymus gland there is some activation young
still immature T cells with increased power to fight with invading organisms. These changes in thymus gland are termed s “Thymic education”.
Q. 5: Why the name T cells??
Ans:- The name T cells as is
acquired from the fact that T cells get
acquisition of functional maturity at thymus. . The large amount of cytotoxic T cells
immediately kills the bacteria / invading foreign antigens. B Cells also can
destroy foreign antigens.
Q.
6: Are T , B cells are a kind of lymphocytes?? Ans: Very true. T cell, (also called T lymphocyte) are
one kind of leukocyte that is an essential part of the immune system.
Q. 7: What the different kinds of lymphocytes?? Ans:-In fact there are two primary types of lymphocytes—. T
cells & B cells .
B cells being the second type. The peculiarity of B cells of lymphocytes is to ascertain the specificity of immune response to antigens
(foreign substances) in the body. They quickly respond to foreign cells to fight
infection, battle a virus or defend the body against bacteria.
Q.8: Is it congenitally derived or acquired immunity? Ans; These cells are dormant at birth and
with passage of time as a child grows such T & B cells acquire
functional competency called adaptive immunity.
Q. 9:-What are CD4 cells (also known as CD4+ T cells)?? Ans:
Such CD4 cells are white blood cells that
fight infection and this CD 4 count is specifically used in HIV infection. As HIV infection progresses, the number of
these cells declines. When the CD4 count drops below 200, a person is
diagnosed with AIDS. A normal range for CD4 cells is about 500-1,500 . Usually, the CD4 cell count increases
when the HIV virus is controlled with effective HIV treatment. The higher is CD4 count, the better. Healthy T
cell count should be between 500 and 1,600 T cells per
cubic millimeter of blood (cells/mm3) Q,. 10: When
lymphocyte counts go up?? Lymphocyte counts above the normal range can
be a harmless and temporary situation due to the body's normal response to an
infection or inflammatory condition. But a high level of lymphocytes can
also be a sign of lymphocytosis, which is a more serious condition.
Q.11:- When
we will be worried about less CD4 cell count?? . CD4 T cell depleted to the cell count
of less than 200cell/μL in blood during AIDS. In such a situation body loses
control over fighting against organisms and thereby allows various pathogens to
escape T cell recognition. The organism as it escapes T cells
will circulate in blood freely à thus
allowing opportunistic infections to grow and flourish. But in normal conditions with adequate CD 4 count the very entry of organisms elicit a helper T cell response to
bypass the immune system.
Q 12.
What are the types of T cells? Ans:-: There are 3 main types of T
cells: cytotoxic, helper, and regulatory. Each of
them has a different role in the immune response. Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)
have a co-receptor called CD8 on their cell surface.
Q. 12; how we can boost up our immunity and thereby
lead a healthy life?? Here are 9 tips to strengthen ones immunity naturally.
1.
Get enough sleep.
Sleep and immunity are closely tied. ...
2.
Eat more whole plant
foods. ...
3.
Eat more healthy fats.
...
4.
Eat more fermented
foods or take a probiotic supplement. ...
5.
Limit added sugars.
...
6.
Engage in moderate
exercise. ...
7.
Stay hydrated. ...
8.
Manage your stress
levels.
•
Q. 13: If immune mechanism fails then what happens?? Ans;-During the shut-down of the immune response
activated lymphocytes are removed by two mechanisms. T
cells that are re-stimulated during the end of the immune
response die by “activation-induced cell death (AICD)” ,
whereas activated lymphocytes which are not re-stimulated die by
activated cell autonomous
death (ACAD).
Q. 14: What
do we mean by Viral load in case of HIV?? Ans:-The results of a viral load test are
described as the number of copies of HIV RNA in a millilitre of blood. But physician
will normally try to keep viral load at a low number.
For example, a viral load of 10,000 would be considered low;
100,000 would be considered high.
Q.15:- What
is the normal lymphocyte range in
adults?? Ans: The normal lymphocyte range in adults is between 1,000
and 4,800 lymphocytes in 1 microliter (µL) of blood.
In children, however the normal range is between 3,000 and
9,500 lymphocytes in 1 µL of blood. Unusually high
or low lymphocyte counts can be a sign of disease.
Q. 16: What is iterleukin-7 ?? There are several kinds of
interlekin-7 all of which can control the immune system of body. Such
interleukins are derived from bone marrow and thymic gland. Of them one which “fibroblast derived IL-7”-
is synthesized at bone marrow & thymic gland. Therefore administration of
such fibroblast derived cytokine can destroy or at least resist CONVID-19.
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