Glucose entry inside the animal cells -Glucose transporters.and PCO ,DM

Very good morning .Do you  examine & treat PCO cases? If not, then need not read these paragraphs:-What are the glucose transporters in the body?? The significance of glucose transporters in humans is obvious as they are the gateways to one of the most important molecules of life, namely, glucose. Apart from its role in normal physiology, glucose is the central culprit in diseases such as DM mellitus. Concomitant with advances in DM therapeutics is the continuing search for innovative approaches for blood sugar control. The role(s) of glucose transporters will become more and more prominent as new antidiabetic drugs are approved and become available in the clinical setting. Drugs targeted against glucose transporters are also potential anticancer agents.\A glucose molecule is too large to pass through a cell membrane via simple diffusion. Instead, cells assist glucose diffusion through facilitated diffusion and two types of active transport. Glucose is a six-carbon sugar that is directly metabolized by cells to provide energy.   Whether a cell uses facilitated diffusion or active transport depends on the specific needs of the cell. For example, the sugar glucose is transported by A)  active transport  from the gut into intestinal epithelial cells, but by B)  facilitated diffusion (obligatory-passive) across the membrane of red blood cells.

SHOLAY film dacha? Culprit No 1: Culprit No 2: Hyperglycaemia  & resultant FFA(free fatty acids) are the Monochorionic monoamniotic twins in the sense that both excess glucose and raised FFA are joint  headache for Obstet & Paed alike: : Hyperglycaemia  & resultant FFA as the effect of most PCO & Met syndrome and heart attack and production of thrombogenic  lipids. FFA is toxic to almost all parts of body and is the main culprit to damage the cell all over the tissues including endocrine glands and reproductive organs. The teeth of free fatty acid are larger and sharper than hyperglycaemia.  FFA is the central culprit in diseases such as DM, metabolic syndrome (MS). FFA is notorious in the sense that when it (Free fatty acids) are released from stored fat  molecules there is increase in serum  Free Fatty Acids which is toxic to most cells of the body.

Balance sheet of FFA?? The good side of FFA is that Free fatty acids is that it is the  major fat fuel in the body The bad side of FFA:- and when they are elevated in the blood they  raise the risk of cardiovascular disease by causing insulin resistance (in some cases leading to diabetes), raising blood pressure, and other effects. Therefore the remedy is to lower ones levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, to maintain a healthy weight, do moderate to intense physical activity most days of the week, and eat a diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Not to eat foods that is high in sugar. We know this.

.  More about of The β-oxidation of the fatty acids: -- The β-oxidation of the fatty acids is a well-known process, mostly used by the heart and the muscular tissue to obtain energy. The human body can synthesize many of these fatty acids, except some essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): the linoleic acid (LA) and the α-linolenic acid (ALA). Free fatty acids (FFA) are produced by the hydrolysis of oils and fats. The level of FFA depends on time, temperature and moisture content because the oils and fats are exposed to various environments such as storage, processing, heating or frying. Less glucose transporters or receptor resistance to glucose entry into the cells: Excess glucose causes storage as fat in adipocyte ad in hepatic tissues as fat droplets. Glucose is a six-carbon sugar that is directly metabolized by cells to provide energy. The significance of glucose transporters in biology is apparent as they are the gateways to one of the most important molecules of life, namely, glucose. Apart from its role in normal physiology, glucose is the central culprit in diseases such as DM mellitus. Concomitant with advances in DM therapeutics is the continuing search for innovative approaches for blood sugar control. The role(s) of glucose transporters will become more and more prominent as new antidiabetic drugs are approved and become available in the clinical setting. Drugs targeted against glucose transporters are also potential anticancer agents.

Can we live without insulin (endogenous. exogenous): How much we know the diff mechanism of entry passive or active entry of glucose inside the cells ?? -What are the different pathways or mechanisms of  glucose entry in the of intestinal cells  & skeletal muscles. How who facilitate glucose entry in normal women & PCO women??  We doctors lie that theta should be constant supply of glucose to body tissues and dent like ro have alimentary hyperglycemia nether sever drop of glucose level if we skip our meals for > 12 hrs. But who maintains this hemostats in nonPCOS women??

The dynamics & equilibrium glucose metabolism and selection of pharmacological transporters of glucose in PCO (hyperinsulinaemic) & IGTT cases and DM cases? How ro select other pathways rather than insulin pathways. A glucose molecule is too large to pass through a cell membrane via simple diffusion. Instead, cells assist glucose diffusion through facilitated diffusion and two types of active transport. Glucose is a six-carbon sugar that is directly metabolized by cells to provide energy.   Whether a cell uses facilitated diffusion or active transport depends on the specific needs of the cell. For example, the sugar glucose is transported by active transport from the gut into intestinal epithelial cells, but by facilitated diffusion across the membrane of red blood cells.

How glucose enters from gut mucosa. Can we diminish such entry in established DM?? Ans:-Glucose is absorbed directly across the lining of the small intestine into bloodstream, which delivers it to cells .It raises blood sugar more quickly than other sugars, which stimulates the release of insulin Absorption of glucose entails transport from the intestinal lumen, across the epithelium and into blood. ... glucose binds and the transporter reorients in the membrane such that the pockets holding sodium and glucose are moved inside the cell. sodium dissociates into the cytoplasm, causing glucose binding to destabilize.

 Glucose transport protein (GLUT-1) is highly enriched in brain capillary endothelial cells. These transporters carry glucose molecules through the blood brain barrier.

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·         Firstly, acid value is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralise the free fatty acids in one gram of fat. Acid value is a measurement that avoids the use of assumed molecular weights as occurs in the  following determination.  The definition of FFA for feed grade fats is the same.