Rh antigens are of several dozens : Where are they(rh antigens ) located on cells??

 Point 1:-There are total  45  blood group system of which Rh is one. Rh system ,therefore is  one of forty-five known human blood group systems. The Rh blood group system again consists of 49 defined blood group antigens, among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. We know that there is no d antigen. and Rh negative refer to the Rh(D) antigen only.

 Antibodies to Rh antigens can be involved in hemolytic transfusion reactions and antibodies to the Rh(D) and Rh(c) antigens confer significant risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.

Mistake 1:--The term "Rh" was originally an abbreviation of "Rhesus factor." It was discovered in 1937 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener, who, at the time, believed it to be a similar antigen found in rhesus monkey red blood cells which was found later to be not true. . It was subsequently learned the human factor is not identical to the rhesus monkey factor. Thus, notwithstanding it is a misnomer, the term survives (e.g., rhesus blood group system and the obsolete terms rhesus factor, rhesus positive, and rhesus negative – all three of which actually refer specifically and only to the Rh D factor and are thus misleading when unmodified.

 Mistake got corrected by  Philip Levine and Rufus Stetson:-à  

The first rhesus blood type was discovered in 1937 by Landsteiner and Wiener, who named it after a similar factor found in rhesus monkey blood. The significance of the discovery was not immediately apparent and was only realized in 1940, after subsequent findings by Philip Levine and Rufus Stetson.  

It was recognized that the Rh factor was just one in a system of various antigens. Based on different models of genetic inheritance, two different terminologies were developed; both of them are still in use.

What was the  clinical significance of this highly immunizing D antigen (i.e., Rh factor) was soon realized.Ans:- Some keystones were to recognize its importance for blood transfusion (including reliable diagnostic tests), hemolytic disease of the newborn (including exchange transfusion), and very importantly the prevention of it by screening and prophylaxis.

What is new?? The discovery of fetal cell-free DNA in maternal circulation by Holzgrieve et al. led to the noninvasive genotyping of fetal Rh genes in many countries.

Rh nomenclatur

Rh haplotype notation
Fisher–Race	Wiener
Dce	R0
DCe	R1
DcE	R2
DCE	RZ
dce	r
dCe	r′
dcE	r″
dCE	rY

Kinds of nomenclature: One is general  name (Srimanta) by which one is acquainted in the society in general . Another is nick name(SIMU):-The Rh blood group system , similarly has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by A) Ronald Fisher and R. R. Race, the B) other by Wiener. Both systems reflected alternative theories of inheritance.

  Nomenclature 1:-The  Fisher–Race system, which is more commonly in use today, uses the CDE nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that a separate gene controls the product of each corresponding antigen (e.g., a "D gene" produces D antigen, and so on). However, the d gene was hypothetical, not actual.

Nomenclature 2:-The Wiener system used the Rh–Hr nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that there was one gene at a single locus on each of the 2 copies of chromosome 1, each contributing to production of multiple antigens. In this theory, a gene R₁ is supposed to give rise to the “blood factors” Rh₀, rh′, and rh″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the D, C, and E antigens) and the gene r to produce hr′ and hr″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the c and e antigens). Notations of the two theories are used interchangeably in blood banking (e.g., Rho(D) meaning RhD positive). Wiener's notation is more complex and cumbersome for routine use. Because it is simpler to explain, the Fisher–Race theory has become more widely used.

Discovery :- The first rhesus blood type was discovered in 1937 by Landsteiner and Wiener, who named it after a similar factor found in rhesus monkey blood.  Mistake 1:-The significance of the discovery was not immediately apparent and was only realized in 1940, after subsequent findings by Philip Levine and Rufus Stetson.  

It was recognized that the Rh factor was just one in a system of various antigens. Based on different models of genetic inheritance, two different terminologies were developed; both of them are still in use.

The clinical significance of this highly immunizing D antigen (i.e., Rh factor) was soon realized. Some keystones were to recognize its importance for blood transfusion (including reliable diagnostic tests), hemolytic disease of the newborn (including exchange transfusion), and very importantly the prevention of it by screening and prophylaxis

 Geography Rh antigens? Ans:-There are total  45  blood group system of which Rh is one. Rh system therefore is  one of forty-five known human blood group systems. The Rh blood group system again consists of 49 defined blood group antigens, among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. Is your head reeling?? We know that there is no d antigen. and Rh negative refer to the Rh(D) antigen only. Why we need to knw Rh antigens?? Ans;- Antibodies to Rh antigens can be involved in hemolytic transfusion reactions and antibodies to the Rh(D) and Rh(c) antigens confer significant risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.The term "Rh" was originally an abbreviation of "Rhesus factor." It was discovered in 1937 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener, who, at the time, believed it to be a similar antigen found in rhesus monkey red blood cells which was found later to be not true.  It was subsequently learned the human factor is not identical to the rhesus monkey factor. Thus, notwithstanding it is a misnomer, the term survives (e.g., rhesus blood group system and the obsolete terms rhesus factor, rhesus positive, and rhesus negative – all three of which actually refer specifically and only to the Rh D factor and are thus misleading when unmodified.

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What is the  latest news on  Rh antigens?? Ans:-The discovery of fetal cell-free DNA in maternal circulation by Holzgrieve et al. led to the noninvasive genotyping of fetal Rh genes in many countries.

Rh haplotype notation
Fisher–Race	Wiener
Dce	R0
DCe	R1
DcE	R2
DCE	RZ
dce	r
dCe	r′
dcE	r″
dCE	rY

How many ways we can express Rh antigens?? Ans:-The Rh blood group system has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by Ronald Fisher and R. R. Race, the other by Wiener. Both systems reflected alternative theories of inheritance. The  Fisher–Race system, which is more commonly in use today, uses the CDE nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that a separate gene controls the product of each corresponding antigen (e.g., a "D gene" produces D antigen, and so on). However, the d gene was hypothetical, not actual.

The Wiener system used the Rh–Hr nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that there was one gene at a single locus on each of the 2 copies of chromosome 1, each contributing to production of multiple antigens. In this theory, a gene R₁ is supposed to give rise to the “blood factors” Rh₀, rh′, and rh″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the D, C, and E antigens) and the gene r to produce hr′ and hr″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the c and e antigens). Notations of the two theories are used interchangeably in blood banking (e.g., Rho(D) meaning RhD positive). Wiener's notation is more complex and cumbersome for routine use. Because it is simpler to explain, the Fisher–Race theory has become more widely used.

Where are you, my dear Rh antigens? Where is your dwelling site??  .I know you have 49 sisters!!!  Ans: The proteins which carry the Rh antigens are transmembrane proteins, whose structure suggest that they are ion channels. The main antigens are D, C, E, c and e, which are encoded by two adjacent gene loci, the RHD gene which encodes the RhD protein with the D antigen (and variants) and the RHCE gene which encodes the RhCE protein with the C, E, c and e antigens (and variants). There is no d antigen. Lowercase "d" indicates the absence of the D antigen (the gene is usually deleted or otherwise nonfunctional).

1. This is the Rh-positive blood cell. 2. This is the Rh-negative blood cell. 3. These are the antigens on the Rh-positive blood cell that make it positive. The antigens allow the positive blood cell to attach to specific antibodies.

 Can a mother produce antibodies despite having anti-D inj at full dose, in time & inj was from a good manufacturing house (Brand & make). This Q stems from the fact that there are about 49 defined blood group antigens, among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are more common. Have any members ever  come across  HbD Punjab,HBF texas(in these cases anaemia remains resistant to oral Fe therapy and the exact nature of Hb variant cant be diagnosed    unless gentic testing is done. Can the same philosophy be applicable to Rh antigen and inability of anti D to protect the foetus  ?

Does anti-D , which we commonly administer say after ectopics, Thr abortion, CVS, amnio, Pre-labour or post delivery covers all the known antigens or some antigens are not covered by the immunoglobulin which we adminster only to face poor consequences in next preg despite previous immuno protection??  The Rh blood group system again consists of 49 defined blood group antigens, among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important??

Probable genotype Rh phenotypes are readily identified through the presence or absence of the Rh surface antigens. As can be seen in the table below, most of the Rh phenotypes can be produced by several different Rh genotypes. The exact genotype of any individual can only be identified by DNA analysis. Regarding patient treatment, only the phenotype is usually of any clinical significance to ensure a patient is not exposed to an antigen they are likely to develop antibodies against. A probable genotype may be speculated on, based on the statistical distributions of genotypes in the patient's place of origin. We know cystic fibrosis mutation is of many types and we also known that there are more than 400 gene mutations have been identified in haemoglobin chain  variants.   Members opinion please? I have no answer to this dilemma !!!