Short umbilical cord -its ill effects

What are the ill effects of    abnormally short  umbilical  Cord?? Ans: Abnormally short umbilical cords can occur as a  primary  phenomenon secondary to failure of embryonic in folding  which is associated with limb body wall defects . Such shortened umbilical cords can also occur secondarily when there is decreased fetal movement as seen with underlying central nervous system or musculoskeletal abnormalities of foetus or when there is limited space as seen with oligohydramnios or multiple gestations.

Short cords have been reported in association with an increased incidence of congenital anomalies  in trisomy  21,  oligohydramnios and breech presentation . Shortened umbilical   cords may lead to cord compression,  placental abruption or other difficulties associated with poor fetal descent during delivery .

Although short cords have been associated with decreased fetal movement the relationship between long cords and increased fetal  movement is uncertain and the  etilogy for elongated   cords remains unclear. An abnormality   long umbilical   cord may predispose to cord knots   nuchal cord and cord prolapse. These  conditions may lead to cord compression  and decreased  perfusion   secondary   to obstruction of venous return.