How
many members are aware that hypothalamus having two set of neurons: orexigenic
and anorexigenic neurons?? .
·
Definition of obesity ??:--Overweight and
obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair
health. When we eat more calories than we burn, our bodies store this extra
energy as fat. While a few extra Kg weight may not seem like a big deal, they
can increase our chances of having high blood pressure and high blood sugar.
These conditions may lead to serious health problems, including heart disease,
stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. But have we, the clinicians have
ever thought why do people gain weight? By contrast we usually accuse the obese
women/ men and keep thinking he/she is eating too much, lazy do not perform
morning walk, jogging etc etc. What is
known to us ?
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Our bodies need calories (energy) to keep us alive and active. But to maintain weight we need to balance the energy 1) we take in & 2) with the energy we use. When a person eats and drinks more calories than he or she burns, the energy balance tips toward weight gain, overweight, and obesity. The tipping point at which the calories coming in and the calories going out become out of balance and lead to weight gain may differ from one person to another.
*
Some recent WHO global estimates
follow.' • In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were
overweight. Of these Vver 600 million were obese.
•
Overall, about 13% of the world’s adult
population (11 % of men and 15% of women) was obese in 2014. The worldwide
prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1980 and 2014.
•
In India, states which topped the list of
rates of Obesity are Punjab(30.3% males,37.5% females), Kerela (24.3% males,34%
females ) and Goa (20.8% males, 27% females).
•
In 2014, 39% of adults aged 18 years and
over (38% of men and 40% of women) were overweight.
•
The worldwide prevalence of obesity more
than doubled between 1980 and 2014.
In
India, states which topped the list of rates of Obesity are Punjab(30.3%
males,37.5% females), Kerela (24.3% males,34% females ) and Goa (20.8% males, 27%
females).
----------------- !-----------------------------------------------------------
A syndrome of rich women only!!!! No
.That’s not true. Overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths worldwide
than underweight. Most of the world’s population live in countries where
overweight and obesity kill more people than underweight (this includes all
high-income and most middle-income countries). WAT= White adipose tissue, BAT= Brown adipose
tissue. Though, the percentage of Obesity in India
is less compared to United states of America and other developed countries, it
is significant due to sheer size of population. Indians are genetically
susceptible to weight accumulation especially around the waist. In 2013, 42
million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese . Once considered
a high-income country problem, overweight and obesity are now been on the rise
in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. In developing
countries with emerging economies (classified by the World Bank as lower- and
middle- income countries) the rate of increase of childhood overweight and
obesity has been more than 30% higher than that of developed countries.How to asses and maintain a record of obesity?? Obesity Assessment Parameters??Obesity occurring early in life may be
particularly threatening in terms of future risk of cardiovascular disease.Three
simple measures of Obesity are widely used in clinical practice;Body Mass
Index (BMI) is a Statistical Measure of Body Weight
Based on a Person’s Weight and Height.Waist Circumference (WC) is
a Numerical Measurement of Waist.Waist-To-Hip Circumference Ratio
(WHR) is the Ratio of the Circumference of the Waist to that
of the Hips.The most widely used method to define thinness and fatness is BMI.
There is strong relationship between increased BMI and cardiovascular disease
risk.
|
Low to
Moderate risk
■1 + ^ 4 4 •* + I +
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I
16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32
33 34 35 36 37
38 39 40
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 |
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Body mass index (BMI) cut off points (figure 1)
Afferent system
generates signals released from adipose tissue (leptin), pancreas (insulin) and
stomach (ghrelin).Central processing unit present in hypothalamus having two
set of neurons: orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons. .Efferent system
carries out anabolic and catabolic signals by modulating feeding behavior or
energy expenditure. NPY/AgRP= Neuropeptide Y/Agouti related peptide; POMC/CART=
Pro-opiomelanocortin/ Cocaine and Amphetamine Related Transcript; NPY Rec=
Neuropeptide receptor; MCH= Melanin Concentrating Hormone; MSH = Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone; Mc4R=
Melanocortin receptor; TRH = Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone; CRH=
Corticotrophic Releasing Hormone
 |
Obesity in children and adolescents appears to be identical to obesity in adults, in both pathophysiology and consequences of obesity-related co-morbidities are same.
The
long-term risk of type 2 diabetes increases significantly with increasing
weight.
Obesity
is associated with increased TNF-a level which lead to increased release of
free fatty acids in adipocytes, blockade of the synthesis of adiponectin and
activation of the insulin receptor.
Weight
loss was associated with improved diabetes control in the Look AHEAD (Action
for Health in Diabetes) study.
Several studies have shown that weight loss is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of diabetes.
Obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD, defined as including CHD,
myocardial infarction (Ml), angina pectoris, congestive heart failure (CHF),
stroke, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation.
Overall, results from large prospective
and
observational studies
confirm the marked adverse effects of obesity on CVD. 5
Intima media
thickness
(IMT), a noninvasive
marker for early atherosclerotic changes, was found to be significantly
increased in the obese children as compared with non-obese children of similar
age, sex, and pubertal stage.
Not only is
obesity linked with hypertension, but weight loss in obese subjects is
associated with a decline in blood pressure. The anti-hypertensive effect of
weight loss is independent of race or gender. Furthermore, chronic obesity
reduces the efficacy of anti-hypertensive medication.
A
number of large-scale, prospective studies have confirmed a significant
association between obesity and cancer. The strongest association is between an
elevated BMI and cancer risk. 6
For
both men and women, increasing BMI was associated with higher death rates due
to cancers of the oesophagus, colon and rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
kidney, non-Flodgkin’s lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
It
has been estimated that about 20% of all cancers are caused by excess weight.
The
association between obesity and a higher cancer risk is mainly due to
anthropometric parameters and lifestyle factors which activate different
biological mechanisms. Anthropometric parameters are BMI, weight increase, and
the amount of body fat, particularly visceral fat. Lifestyle factors include
sedentary habits and diet parameters, such as a hypercaloric and/or low-quality
diet.
"Obesity during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of
complications, including gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and delivery
complications such as macrosomia, shoulder dystocia and higher rates of
caesarean sections and infections. Obesity is now estimated to be responsible
for 6% of primary infertility.
Obesity
and insulin resistance are closely related with PCOS, and insulin resistance
has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Body weight and body
fats are considered to be significant physiological
10
In men, there is a link between impotence
and increasing infertility, with abdominal obesity a particular risk. 7
Obesity
in men can result in both physical changes and hormonal changes. These changes,
in turn, contribute to oligozoospermia, azoospermia, an increase in the DFi,
and a decrease in semen volume. 77 (figure)
 |
Available data suggest that a little as 5%-10% weight loss can improve fertility outcomes.
Obesity
results from a prolonged small positive energy imbalance, and treatment needs
to reverse this imbalance. The relationship between energy intake and
expenditure is shown in Figure 3.
Appropriate
goals of weight management emphasize realistic weight loss to achieve a
reduction in health risks and should include promotion of weight loss;
maintenance and prevention of weight regain.
Many
different diets have been tried to treat obesity, and weight loss occurs with
all of them. The principal effect seems to be the degree of adherence to the
prescribed calorie reduction.
Obesity
drugs have been developed that tap brain mechanisms for controlling feeding and
the gastrointestinal tract and its peptides.
One of the key messages for obese
patients is that when caloric intake is reduced below that needed for daily
energy expenditure; there is a predictable rate of weight loss.
Patients should
understand that, since obesity is a chronic disease, weight management will
need to be lifelong. .
Figure 3 7
 |
Energy Blance Model and Sites of
Drug Action in the Host
 |
Diet
Reducing energy intake from food is
one strategy for weight loss. This can be done by reducing calories or by
changing the intake of carbohydrate, fat, or protein that will in turn reduce
total caloric intake. 74
Physical Activity
Besides
increasing energy expenditure and promoting fat loss, physical activity has
additional benefits. Physical activity:
•
Reduces abdominal fat and increases lean
(muscle and bone) mass,
•
May attenuate the weight loss-induced
decline of resting energy expenditure,
•
Reduces blood pressure and improves
glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile,
•
Improves physical fitness,
•
Improves compliance to the dietary regimen
and has a positive influence on the long-term weight maintenance,
•
Improves feeling of well-being and
self-esteem, reduces anxiety and depression.
Current recommendations suggest that
people of all ages should undertake 30-60 min of physical activity of moderate
intensity (such as brisk walking) on most, if not all, days of the week.*5
Pharmacological
treatment should be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy of disease
management.
Pharmacotherapy
can help patients to maintain compliance, ameliorate obesity-related health
risks and improve quality of life. It can also help to prevent the development
of obesity co-morbidities (e.g. type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Current drug therapy is recommended
for patients with a BMI > 30 kg/m2 or a BMI > 27 with an obesity-related
disease (e.g. hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Drugs should be used according to
their licensed indications and restrictions.75
Discontinue use if the drug is
ineffective in weight loss or weight maintenance, or if there are serious side
effects.
Pharmacotherapy cannot be expected to
continue to be effective in weight loss or weight management after cessation of
drug therapy.
10|
Drugs
used in the past to treat Obesity
|
|
|
(Abbreviation = FDA: Food and Drug
Administration; EMEA= European Medicine Agency)
The only currently approved long-term
therapy for obesity in the world is not only having limited efficacy, but is
also associated with number of side effects. This history of weight-loss
pharmacotherapy highlights the need for new, safer, and more effective approaches
to treat and prevent obesity.
An ideal combination of GCBE, GTE,
FICA and Capsaicin which potentially yields synergistic ergogenic effects.
The
goal is to employ a natural, safe and effective nutraceutical regimen, in
combination with improved diet and exercise, to achieve a meaningful and
sustainable reduction in body weight and enjoy the consequent benefits.
Reshape natural is a weight loss
supplement which increase energy expenditure and have been proposed to counteract
the decrease in metabolic rate.
Reshape
natural contains natural fat burners like HCA (Hydroxy Citric Acid) and
capsaicin
The description of vital ingredients with clinical references is as
follows
Capsaicin
is a unique alkaloid found primarily in the fruit of the Capsicum genus and is
what provides its spicy flavor. Compounds known as capsaicinoids cause the
spicy flavor (pungency) of chili pepper fruit. The primary capsaicinoid in
chili pepper is capsaicin, followed by dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin,
homodihydrocapsaicin and homocapsaicin.
Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin account for approximately 90% of
capsaicinoids in chili pepper fruit.
With
oral administration, nearly 94% of orally administered capsaicin is absorbed
and maximum concentration in the blood was reached 1 h after administration. In
addition, a maximum distribution of 24.4% of administered capsaicin in blood,
liver, kidney and intestine was seen in 1 h and then diminished notably until
being undetected after 4 days
 |
Figure 4. Mechanism of action after supplementation of capsaicin.
9 ^
Brown adipose tissue and White adipose tissue *
.Adipose
tissue is a major metabolic organ, and it has been traditionally classified as
either white adipose tissue (WAT) or brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT and BAT
are characterized by different anatomical locations, morphological structures,
functions, and regulations. WAT and BAT are both involved in energy balance. WAT is mainly
involved in the storage and mobilization of energy in the form of
triglycerides, whereas BAT specializes in dissipating energy as heat during
cold- or diet-induced thermogenesis.
WAT generally
constitutes as much as 20% of the body weight of normal adult humans.
 |
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WAT is normally characterized by an ivory or yellowish color as well as unilocular/ large lipid droplets.
 |
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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is recognized as the major site of sympathetically activated no shivering thermogenesis during cold exposure and after spontaneous hyperphagia, thereby controlling whole-body energy expenditure and body fat. Thus, BAT is recognized as a regulator of whole-body energy expenditure and body fat in humans and a hopeful target combating obesity and related disorders. In fact, there are some food ingredients such as capsaicin and capsinoids, which have potential to activate and recruit BAT via activity on the specific receptor, transient receptor potential channels, thereby increasing energy expenditure and decreasing body fat modestly and consistently.
•
Sympathetic nerve activity in adipose tissues is increased in response to cold exposure and oral ingestion of food ingredients (capsaicinoid) through the activation of transient receptor potential channels (TRP).
 |
Sympathetic nerve activity in adipose tissues is increased in response to cold exposure and oral ingestion of food ingredients (capsaicinoid) through the activation of transient receptor potential channels (TRP).
•
Noradrenaline binds to (^-adrenergic receptors
(pAR) and initiates signaling cascades for triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis. The
released fatty acids activate uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and are oxidized to
serve as an energy source of thermogenesis.
•
Activated UCP1 uncouples oxidative
phosphorylation from ATP synthesis and dissipates energy as heat.
•
Chronic sympathetic activation produces
not only brown fat hyperplasia but also an induction of beige cells in white
fat, thereby increasing whole-body energy expenditure and decreasing body fat.
Formation
of beige/brite adipocytes (Browning)
White
adipose depots have the ability to switch between energy storage and
expenditure. Thus, these depots can shift from a WAT phenotype to a BAT-like
phenotype in terms of features such as morphology, gene expression pattern, and
mitochondrial respiratory activity under some specific stimuli. As mentioned
above, this induction of the brown adipocyte-like phenotype in WAT is called
“browning” and the beige/brite cells of WAT are capable of this transformation.
The beige/brite cells in WAT are derived from precursor cells that are
different from classical brown adipocytes and are closer to the white adipocyte
cell lineage. These beige/brite cells show a white adipocyte-like
phenotype,
including large lipid droplets and the lack of UCP1 expression, under basal
conditions. However, in response to certain stimuli (cold exposure or
(33-adrenergic activators), beige/brite cells transform into cells having
BAT-like characteristics, such as multilocular/small lipid droplets and UCP1
expression.
Unfortunately,
BAT (brown fat) levels decrease as we age, leading to an increase in weight
gain. Because capsaicinoids can reactivate BAT into producing energy,
consumption of capsaicinoids may help individuals maintain a healthy weight
with aging.
(Figure
6) 27
A study concluded that Capsinoid
ingestion increases EE (energy expenditure) through the activation of BAT in
humans. 22
Several
research studies have looked at the impact of capsaicinoids on fat tissue
within the body. Seven trials have found evidence of increased fat utilization
or decreased fat stores. One study found a significant increase in fat
metabolism—as measured by a process called lipid oxidation—among participants
taking capsaicin supplements for four months 23
“Beadlet”
Technology
Capsicum
extract loaded onto an inert central core and covered with a special coating
that leaves no exposed capsaicinoid layer. This patented “beadlet” technology
allows for the active ingredient to be delivered within a capsule without the
problem of gastric discomfort and burning.
Green coffee beans are basically just unroasted coffee beans. Coffee
beans are
naturally
green, but they are usually roasted before being sold to the consumer. This is
the process that turns them brown. Coffee beans are loaded with antioxidants
and pharmacologically active compounds. Two of the most important ones are
Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid. Chlorogenic Acid is believed to be the main
active ingredient in green coffee beans. That is, the substances that produces
the weight loss effects. Most of the chlorogenic acid is removed when coffee is
roasted.
Improved glucose and insulin balance and increased satiety. Glucose
absorption
was reduced in one of these studies,
thus reducing blood and liver fats (triglycerides). 
Increasing
the ‘fat’ burning effect, GCB extract was researched showing good benefits in
abdominal fat reduction. It seems the chlorogenic acids and caffeine work
together in reducing abdominal fat by increasing lipolysis or fat cells being
opened up for energy release. While GCB extract still has caffeine GCB extract
is also high in polyphenol’s and other antioxidants. GCB extract final frontier
is prevention of blood pressure. Most individuals assume that coffee of any
type will increase your blood pressure; GCB seems to be just the opposite. Some
studies indicate the use of GCB extract might reduce blood pressure and prevent
the onset of high blood pressure for those that consume GCB extract. 25
26, 27
Green coffee
bean extract does contain some caffeine. Several studies have shown that
caffeine can boost metabolism by up to 3-11%.28>
Studies
have shown that the extracts as well as (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a main
organic acid component of the fruit rind, exhibited antiobesity activity. HCA
is a potent inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase, a catalyst for
the conversion process of citrate to acetyl-coenzyme A, which plays a key role
in fatty acid, cholesterol and triglycerides syntheses. 30
In vitro and in vivo studies show that HCA inhibits the actions of
citrate cleavage enzyme, suppresses de novo fatty acid synthesis, increases
rates of hepatic glycogen synthesis, and decreases body weight
gain.37
G cambogia reduces abdominal fat accumulation in subjects, regardless of
sex, who had the visceral fat accumulation type of obesity. No rebound effect
was observed. It is therefore expected that G cambogia is useful for the
prevention and reduction of accumulation of visceral fat.32
|
EE ........ '
workout (YES): , y
resting ?? andt,''''* RER (YES);
|
 |
Figure 7. Mechanisms that contribute to antiobesity effect of Garcinia/HCA.33
t
indicated increase or stimulation; j indicated reduce or inhibition while??
indicated that the effect is yet to be confirmed. (A) summary of Serotonin
regulation and food intake suppression; (B) summary of reduction of de novo
lipogenesis; (C) summary of stimulation on fat oxidation; (D) summary of reduce
on glucose intake; (A) and (B) contribute to the weight management effect of
Garcinia/HCA while (B) and (C) contribute to antiobesity of Garcinia/HCA.
A study
concluded that oral administration of HCA reduces bodyweight and BMI by 5.6% and
5.2% respectively.
Another
study stated that Daily administration of a relatively low dose of HCA (900 mg/
day) over two weeks reduced El (energy intake) and sustained satiety 35
Green
tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate
(EGCG)
has been reported for anticancer, antiobesity, antidiabetes effectiveness and
prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, caffeine and EGCG catechins are
also considered as active substances of green tea, which associated with energy
expenditure, fat oxidation and weight loss in obese subjects.
17
Green tea polyphenols elevate cholecystokin in hormone that decreases
food intake and suppresses appetite. Green tea’s role as a starch blocker
minimizes lactate concentration and reduces carbohydrate utilization. Studies
have shown that green tea extracts inhibit fatty acid synthase, increase lipid
metabolism through the intervention in the process of adipogenesis and
lipolysis.
 |
Green
tea catechins inhibit gastric lipase and pancreatic lipase, which is involved
in lipid digestion. This inhibition is apparently due to catechins reduced
lipolysis of long- chain triglycerides and interference with the
emulsification, digestion and micellar- solubilization of lipids that support
intestinal absorption of dietary lipids. This notion suggests that the reduced
lipid emulsification and digestibility may be responsible for lowering
intestinal absorption of dietary lipids, including triglyceride, cholesterol,
and other lipophilic compounds. Green tea also lowers plasma cholesterol by
increasing fecal bile acids and cholesterol excretion.37
A study has shown that an
obese population with low SNS activity gained more and more weight. The actual
role of SNS is to stimulate adrenal medulla that secretes catecholamines, epinephrine
and norepinephrine, which is circulated in the body through blood. The active
norepinephrine (NE) binds to fat cells surface receptor and stimulates the
activity of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) so that fat could be used as fuel.
Adversity, catechol O-methyl-transferase (COMT) is an enzyme encoded by the
COMT gene, that degrades NE and prevents the breakdown of fat. Some studies
have revealed that green tea catechins, especially EGCG inhibits COMT and
caffeine inhibits trancellular phosphodiesterases that break down NE-induced
cAMR 37
It inhibits the gastric and pancreatic lipase which is involved in lipid
digestion; increases fat oxidation and thermogenesis, therefore beneficial in
reducing body weight and body fat. 36 Moderately
overweight male and female subjects, who ingested green tea capsule (AR25),
containing catechins- EGCG for 3 months reported decrease of body weight by
4.6% and waist circumference by 4.48%.37 3
months of treatment with green tea extract plus hypo caloric diet showed significant
reduction in body weight (up to 14 kg) 38 In
a 12-wk double-blind study green tea extract group showed a significant
decrease in Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat mass, and
subcutaneous fat area than in the control group.39
Am
J Clin Nutr. 2012 Apr; 95(4):845-50.
Objectives:
The aims of the current study were to
examine the acute effects of capsinoid ingestion on EE and to analyze its
relation to BAT activity in humans.
Design:
Eighteen healthy men aged 20-32 y
underwent FDG-PET after 2 h of cold exposure (19°C) while wearing light
clothing. Whole-body EE and skin temperature, after oral ingestion of
capsinoids, were measured for 2 h under warm conditions (27°C) in a
single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design.
Results:
When
exposed to cold, 10 subjects showed marked FDG uptake into adipose tissue of
the supraclavicular and paraspinal regions (BAT-positive group), whereas the
remaining 8 subjects (BAT-negative group) showed no detectable uptake.
Under warm conditions (27°C), the
mean (±SEM) resting EE was 6114 ± 226 kj/d in the BAT- positive group and 6307
± 156 kJ/d in the BATnegative group (NS). EE increased by 15.262.6 kJ/h in 1 h
in the BAT-positive group and by 1.763.8 kJ/h in the BAT-negative group after
oral ingestion of capsinoids (R 0.01). Placebo ingestion produced no
significant change in either group. Neither capsinoids nor placebo changed the
skin temperature in various regions, including regions close to BAT deposits. (
Graph: capsinoids (•) and placebo (O))
\
Capsinoid
ingestion increases EE through the activation of BAT in humans.
V_____________________________________ J
Naturaf
Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:45-50
Objectives:
Our objectives were to
explore the safety and efficacy of capsinoids taken orally (6 mg/d) for weight
loss, fat loss, and change in metabolism and to examine whether candidate genes
are predictors of capsinoid response.
Design:
This was a 12-wk,
placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study. Eligibility criteria
included a body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) of 25-35. Body weight was measured,
and dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry, indirect calorimetry (men only), and
genotyping were conducted.
Results:
Mean
(± SD) weight change was 0.96± 3.1 and 0.56 ±2.4 kg in the capsinoid and
placebo groups, respectively (P 1A 0.86). There was no significant
group difference in total change in adiposity, but abdominal adiposity
decreased more (P 0.049) in
the capsinoid group (-1.11 ± 1.83%) than in the placebo group (-0.18 ±1.94%),
\
Treatment with 6 mg/d
capsinoids orally appeared to be safe and was associated with abdominal fat
loss. Capsinoid ingestion was associated with an increase in fat oxidation that
was nearly significant. We identified 2 common genetic variants that may be
predictors of therapeutic response.
V______________________________________
20
Int
JObes (Lond). 2005 Jun;29(6):682-8.
Objectives:
The aim of the present
study was to assess the relative oral and gastrointestinal contribution to
capsaicin-induced satiety and its effects on food intake or macronutrient
selection.
Methods:
For 24 subjects (12 men
and 12 women; age: 35+/-10 y; BMI: 25.0+/-2.4 kg/m2; range 20-30), 16 h food
intake was assessed four times during 2 consecutive days by offering
macronutrient-specific buffets and boxes with snacks, in our laboratory
restaurant. At 30 min before each meal, 0.9 g red pepper (0.25% capsaicin;
80,000 Scoville Thermal Units) or a placebo was offered in either tomato juice
or in two capsules that were swallowed with tomato juice. Hunger and satiety
were recorded using Visual Analogue Scales.
Results:
Average
daily energy intake in the placebo condition was 11.5+/-1.0 MJ/d for the men
and 9.4+/-0.8 MJ/d for the women. After capsaicin capsules, energy intake was
10.4+/-0.6 and 8.3+/-0.5 MJ/d (P<0.01); after capsaicin in tomato juice, it
was 9.9+/-
0.
7 and 7.9+/-0.5 MJ/d, respectively
(compared to placebo: P<0.001; compared to capsaicin in capsules:
P<0.05). En%from carbohydrate/protein/fat (C/P/F): changed from
46+/-3/15+/-1/39+/-2 to 52+/-4/15+/-1/33+/-2 en% (P<0.01) in the men, and
from 48+/-4/14+/-2/38+/-3 to 42+/-4/14+/-2/32+/-3 en% (P<0.01) in the women,
in both capsaicin conditions. Satiety (area under the curve) increased from 689
to 757 mmh in the men and from 712 to 806 mmh in the women, both (P<0.01).
Only in the oral exposure condition was the reduction in energy intake and the
increase in satiety related to perceived spiciness.
^
In the shortterm, both
oral and gastrointestinal exposure to capsaicin increased satiety and reduced
energy and fat intake; the stronger reduction with oral exposure suggests a
sensory effect of capsaicin.
V_____________________________________
Naturaf
Body
fat loss achieved by stimulation of thermogenesis by a combination of bioactive
food ingredients: a placebo- controlled, double-blind 8-week intervention in
obese subjects
International Journal of Obesity (2007)
31, 121-130.
Background:
A combination of
tyrosine, capsaicin, catechines and caffeine may stimulate the sympathetic
nervous system and promote satiety, lipolysis and thermogenesis. In addition,
dietary calcium may increase fecal fat excretion.
Objectives:
To investigate the acute
and subchronic effect of a supplement containing the above mentioned agents or
placebo taken t.i.d on thermogenesis, body fat loss and fecal fat excretion.
Design:
In total, 80
overweight-obese subjects ((body mass index) 31.2 2.5 kg/m2, mean s.d.)
underwent an initial 4-week hypocaloric diet (3.4 MJ/day). Those who lost>4%
body weight were instructed to consume a hypocaloric diet (-1.3 MJ/day) and
were randomized to receive either placebo (n=23) or bioactive supplement (n=57)
in a double-blind, 8-week intervention. The thermogenic effect of the compound
was tested at the first and last day of intervention, and blood pressure, heart
rate, body weight and composition were assessed.
Results:
Weight loss
during the induction phase was 6.8±1.9 kg. At
the first exposure the thermogenic effect of the bioactive supplement exceeded
that of placebo by 87.3 kJ/4 h (95%CI: 50.9;123.7, P=0.005) and after 8 weeks
this effect was sustained (85.5 kJ/4 h (47.6; 123.4), P=0.03). Body fat mass
decreased more in the supplement group by
0.
9 kg (0.5; 1.3) compared with placebo
(P<0.05). The bioactive supplement had no effect on fecal fat excretion,
blood pressure or heart rate.
|
Conclusion:
The bioactive supplement
increased 4-h thermogenesis by 90 kJ more than placebo, and the effect was
maintained after 8 weeks and accompanied by a slight reduction in fat mass.
These bioactive components may support weight maintenance after a hypocaloric
diet.
V____________________________________
NaturaC
V___ 1___
PLoS One. 2013; 8(7): e67786.
Objectives:
We investigated the 24 h
effects of CAPS on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and blood pressure
during 25% negative energy balance.
Methods:
Subjects underwent four
36 h sessions in a respiration chamber for measurements of energy expenditure,
substrate oxidation and blood pressure. They received 100% or 75% of their
daily energy requirements in the conditions ‘100%CAPS’, ‘100%Control’,
‘75%CAPS’ and ‘75%Control’. CAPS were given at a dose of 2.56 mg (1.03 g of red
chili pepper, 39,050 Scoville heat units (SHU)) with every meal.
Results:
An induced negative
energy balance of 25% was effectively a 20.5% negative energy balance due to
adapting mechanisms. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and resting energy
expenditure (REE) at 75%CAPS did not differ from DIT and REE at 100%Control,
while at 75%Control these tended to be or were lower than at 100%Control (p =
0.05 and p = 0.02 respectively). Sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) at 75%CAPS did
not differ from SMR at 100%CAPS, while SMR at 75%Control was lower than at 100%CAPS
(p=0.04). Fat oxidation at 75%CAPS was higher than at 100%Control (p = 0.03),
while with 75%Control it did not differ from 100%Control. Respiratory quotient
(RQ) was more decreased at 75%CAPS (p = 0.04) than at 75%Control (p = 0.05)
when compared with 100%Control. Blood pressure did not differ between the four
conditions.
\
In an effectively 20.5%
negative energy balance, consumption of 2.56 mg capsaicin per meal supports
negative energy balance by counteracting the unfavorable negative energy
balance effect of decrease in components of energy expenditure. Moreover,
consumption of 2.56 mg capsaicin per meal promotes fat oxidation in negative
energy balance and does not increase blood pressure significantly.
V____________________________________
23
Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2012;5:21-7.
Objectives:
A 22-week crossover study
was conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of a commercial green coffee
extract product GCA™ at reducing weight and body mass in 16 overweight adults.
Methods:
Subjects received
high-dose GCA (1050 mg), low-dose GCA (700 mg), or placebo in separate six-week
treatment periods followed by two-week washout periods to reduce any influence
of preceding treatment. Treatments were counterbalanced between subjects.
Primary measurements were body weight, body mass index, and percent body fat.
Heart rate and blood pressure were also measured.
Results:
Significant reductions were observed
in body weight (-8.04 ± 2.31 kg), body mass index (-2.92 ± 0.85 kg/m (2)), and
percent body fat (-4.44% ± 2.00%), as well as a small
decrease in heart rate (-2.56 ± 2.85 beats per minute), but with no significant
changes to diet over the course of the study. Importantly, the decreases
occurred when subjects were taking GCA. Body mass index for six subjects
shifted from preobesity to the normal weight range (<25.00 kg/m (2)).
\
Conclusion:
The results are
consistent with human and animal studies and a metaanalysis of the efficacy of
green coffee extract in weight loss. The results suggest that GCA may be an
effective nutraceutical in reducing weight in preobese adults, and may be an
inexpensive means of preventing obesity in overweight adults.
V_____________________________________
24
Curr
Ther Res Clin Exp. 2003 Sep;64(8):551-67.
Objective:
The primary end point of
this study was the effects of 12 weeks of G cambogia extract administration on
visceral fat accumulation. The secondary end points were body indices
(including height, body weight, body mass index [BMI], waist and hip
circumference, and waist-hip ratio) and laboratory values (including total
cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and free fatty acid).
Methods :
This study was performed
according to a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group
design. Subjects aged 20 to 65 years with a visceral fat area >90 cm (2)
were enrolled. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive treatment for 12
weeks with G cambogia (containing 1000 mg of HCA per day) or placebo. At the
end of the treatment period, both groups were administered placebo for 4 weeks
to assess any rebound effect. Each subject underwent a computed tomography scan
at the umbilical level at -2, 0, 12, and 16 weeks.
Results:
Forty-four subjects were
randomized at baseline, and 39 completed the study (G cambogia group, n = 18;
placebo group, n = 21). At 16 weeks, the G cambogia group had
significantly reduced visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat areas compared with
the placebo group (all indices P<0.001). No
severe adverse effect was observed at any time in the test period. There were
no significant differences in BMI or body weight at week 12, but there were
slight numeric decreases in body weight and BMI in men. There were no signs of
a rebound effect from week 12 to week 16.
r
Conclusion:
G cambogia reduced
abdominal fat accumulation in subjects, regardless of sex, who had the visceral
fat accumulation type of obesity. No rebound effect was observed. It is
therefore expected that G cambogia may be useful for the prevention and
reduction of accumulation of visceral fat.
V______________________________________
25
Therapeutic effect of high-dose
green tea extract on weight reduction: A randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled clinical trial.To examine the effect
and safety of high-dose green tea extract (Epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG) at a
daily dosage on weight reduction and changes of lipid profile and obesity-
related hormone peptides in women with central obesity.
There was a , double-blind trial
registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT02147041. A total of 115
women with central obesity were screened at our clinic. 102 of them with a body
mass index (BMI) > 27 kg/m2 and a waist circumference (WC) > 80 cm were
eligible for the study. These women were randomly assigned to either a
high-dose green tea group or placebo group. The total treatment time was 12
weeks. The main outcome measures were anthropometric measurements, lipid
profiles, and obesity related hormone peptides including leptin, adiponectin,
ghrelin, and insulin.
Results:
Significant weight
loss, from 76.8 ± 11.3 kg to 75.7 ± 11.5 kg (p = 0.025), as well as decreases
in BMI (p = 0.018) and waist circumference (p = 0.023) were observed in the
treatment group after 12 weeks of high-dose EGCG treatment. This
study also demonstrated a consistent trend of decreased total cholesterol,
reaching 5.33%, and decreased LDL plasma levels. There was good tolerance of
the treatment among subjects without any side effects or adverse events.
Significantly lower ghrelin levels & elevated adiponectin levels were
detected in the study group than in the placebo group.
Conclusion:
12 weeks of treatment
with high-dose green tea extract resulted in significant weight loss, reduced
waist circumference, & a consistent decrease in total cholesterol & LDL
plasma levels without any side effects or adverse effects in women with central
obesity. The antiobestic mechanism of high-dose green tea extract might be
associated in part with ghrelin secretion inhibition, leading to increased
adiponectin levels.
v________________________________
26
Reshape
natural contains a thermogenic capsaicin which activates brown fat.
Product
combines: Capsicum Extract, Green tea extract,
Garcinia combogia and Green coffee bean extract into a safe and effective blend
to help supplement healthy weight management.
What
makes it different?
Unlike
other thermogenic supplements that can cause upset stomach and discomfort,
RESHAPE NATURAL patented encapsulation which gives users the maximum
effectiveness of capsaicinoids (active ingredient found in peppers) without any
oral or gastric irritation normally associated with chili peppers.
Indication:
Promotes Fat Burning
Boost Metabolism
Promotes Lipolysis
Sipresses Appetite
Promotes Thermogenesis
Reduce Body Fat
Dosage
Two
tablets per day before main meals OR as directed by physician
Contraindication
and precaution:
It
is not recommended for Pregnant Women and Nursing Mother
Reshape
natural offer following benefits:
•
Natural ingredients without any side
effect
•
Capsaicin plays an important role in
activation of BAT (brown adipose tissue) and increase energy expenditure.
•
HCA acts as a natural fat burner
•
Green tea and green coffee bean extract
increases fat oxidation & reduce food intake
•
Sustained weight loss
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