Q.1: What is the fertile
period during the entire spell of menstrual cycle. ?
The
number of fertile days of a menstrual cycle is difficult to
quantify. The sperms remain alive in the female genital tract and are capable
of fertilization for up to 5 days
after ejaculation. The egg appears to be capable of being fertilized for
only about 24 hours .
In a recent
study amongst couples actively trying to conceive with hormone measurement to determine the timing of ovulation it was
learnt that the fertile period lasted about six days ending on the day
of ovulation . However in a woman with reasonably regular menstrual cycle of about 28 day, day 10 to day
17 is considered as fertile period . But in women with irregular period concluded that fertile
period should be considered as day
7 to day 15 of menstrual cycle.
Q.2:
What is the probability of conception
after one or multiple acts of
intercourse?
Ans:-The
probability of conception after
single act of intercourse is approximately
8% conception rate has been
calculated to be about but if multiple acts it
comes to 13% per cycle if intercourse occurs on average every other
day . But if it occurs
only once a week the risk of
pregnancy is about 15% . Most
women who have unprotected
intercourse on a single occasion
therefore will possibly not
conceive.
Q.3: What is the risk
of conception if there is only single act of coitus in the entire cycle ( expected cycle - day specific conception rate i.e. Barrett and Marshall study )?
Ans: The
overall risk of pregnancy after a single act of unprotected sex on any day of the cycle in 2-4%
and is highest in the days before and
just after ovulation . There is no day of the menstrual cycles
when there can be certainly that unprotected sex would not result in pregnancy although the probability is negligible in the first 3
days of the cycle . Timing of
sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation - effects
on the probability of conception
, survival of the pregnancy and sex of the baby , (Source : New England
Journal of medicine Vol.333. )
Q. 4 .What is meant by fecundity?? Ans: A normal fertile sexually active couple not
using contraception has maximum monthly chance of conceiving 20-25%
.
Q.5
: What is the spontaneous unavoidable
loss of a fertilized zygote?? Will all fertilized human egg give birth to a live baby ? What is the incidence of post
fertilization preimplantation wastage?
Ans: After fertilization 25% of zygotes do not
implant and those that implant a proportion is lost before a pregnancy
becomes clinically recognizable Thus in 42%
cases no clinically recognizable
pregnancy results even after fertilization .Eight per cent
of all clinically recognized pregnancies
are spontaneously lost even if such
cases had demonstrated gestational SAC in TVS. .
Q.6: Then what is the
exact relevance of emergency contraceptives?? Accordingly
prospect of EC within 120 hours
of intercourse by interruption of
the natural development of a fertilized ovum appears very low and more so after a single act of unprotected intercourse. Therefore in a vast
majority of cases EC addresses a theoretical or statistical rather
than an actual chance of fertilization having occurred and lives the women ‘s apprehension of unwanted
pregnancy considerably.
Q.7: What is the
Longevity of sperms ?
There is
great individual variation between men and between individual sperm with the
same men’s ejaculate.
Q.
8: What is the rate of spermatogenesis
?? Scientists
have shown that – sperm counts and
quality of sperm have lowered in the
recent years. In normal healthy men
spermatogenesis occurs at
the rate 1,000 sperm
per second from each testis
and an ejaculate of
3-5 usually contains
350 million sperms
though only one ova need to be fertilized. Sperms can remain alive in cervical mucus for
5-6 days depend on quality of
cervical mucus.
Q. 9: Frequency of sexual intercourse &
knowledge of fertile period ?
WHO in the early 1990 estimated that
intercourse takes place over 42,000 million times per years. This means every second there 1,300 ejaculations with
possible pregnancy .Now with increase of
population it seems that this may somewhere 2000 ejaculation in vagina per
second with possible pregancy .
Different studies have shown that
sperm can remain alive in female genital
tract for about six days
Q.10:
What is Safe period
in human menstrual cycle? Ans: Safe
period in human menstrual cycle has long been debated. The whole of the second week of 4 week long menstrual cycle
is potentially fertile i.e. days 7 to
day 14 of cycle. Even sex during
menstruation can lead to conception if by chance
ovulation occurs on day 7 of
cycle , though this is rare but
not impossible because sperm
can remain alive for 5-6 days .
Q.11. What is abortion rate ?
Abortion rate
is defined as the number of all types
of abortions, per 1000 women of childbearing age. But
abortion ratio is
calculated by dividing the number of abortions performed
during a particular time
period by the number of live
births over the same
period.
Q.
12: What is General Fertility Rate(GFR)
?
It is the number of live births per 1000 women in the reproductive
age group in a given years.
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