For last several decades modifications of size, shape and chemical content are being aimed at to reduce the expulsion rate of side effects while maintaining the exceptionally high effectiveness and safety profiles of IUDs. Reproductive scientists are working on different frame designs too. In the process frames of different sizes and shapes with various active substances incorporated in the frame for pregnancy prevention has been made available. Some are still in newer clinical trial phase. Hopefully, IUDs will bring many more options for fertility regulation. The uterine cavity has a hollow space. However, in reality, this space, which varies in size and shape peculiar to each woman, can better be described as a potential cavity that widens at the tubal openings. The area adjacent to the tubal openings is often described as being overly sensitive for irritation, and hence, leads to increased uterine contractions when IUDs are fitted. So scientists are trying hard to design such IUDs which will minimize repeated trauma in these parts of uterus i.e. the most sensitive parts.
As on in 2004, Chinese women had 21 types of IUCs to choose from. Examples of research on in IUC include smaller less bulky devices intended to geometrically adapt to smaller nullparous uteri, frameless copper IUDs fixed to the endometrium with a thread, devices with movable joints in the cross bars to help them expand and contract with uterine contractions and adapt to different uterine sizes and contours (geometric adaptation). Some newer devices have cervical components and cervical anchoring systems. Still smaller devices appropriate for the smaller atrophic perimenopausal uterus are also under clinical trial.
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