How is semen manufactured in human males ?? Ans:-Male fertility abnormalities are
diagnosed by A) physical examination, B) endocrine parameters and C) assessment
of semen quality. D) Endocrine analyses in males is usually not done but may be
done whivch include luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH), total testosterone (TT) and free/bioavailable testosterone. Other
hormones, such as prolactin (hPRL), estrogen, or cortisol (stress hormones) ,
are also important parameters of the male fertility workup if indicated .
Apart from serum
hormone levels, investigators sought molecular markers of spermatogenesis in
seminal plasma. Such markers were anti-Mullerian hormone, inhibin B , and
transferrin. Although a few attempts have been made to correlate human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and hCG-like molecules to spermatogenesis the molecular heterogeneity of molecular hCG
species in various body fluids, the lack of appropriate standards of
hCG-variants, undefined molecular recognition profiles of immunoassay analyses
and interpretation of marker profiles has, until recently, been too poor to do so The
International Society of Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine (ISOBM) has
initiated and completed, as part of its Tissue Differentiation (TD) program, the
international TD-7 Workshop on antibodies to hCG and hCG-related molecules and
recommended epitope combinations for 2-site immunoassays for the measurement
and determination of members of the molecular hCG family . With our selective
panel of immunofluorometric assays (IFMAs) based on the reference monoclonal
antibodies (mAbs) of the TD-7 Workshop , we previously investigated the
abundance of hCG and hCG-like molecules in seminal plasma of healthy fertile
men and found significant differences between the hCG marker profile and that
of other hCG-containing physiological body fluids .
What is the different molecular structure of
beta HCG?? What are phantom hCG molecules?? Ans:-During pregnancy, A) In serum = the
α/β-heterodimer hCG is present in vast excess in serum, B) but in urine it is present
as hCGβ/hCG βcf (hCGβ core fragment) in
excess , but C) in seminal plasma, the subunit hCGα was by far the most prominent marker of the hCG
molecular family, with concentrations as high as that found during pregnancy in
extraembryonic coelomic fluid, and approximately 10,000-fold higher than in
normal male serum.
(Ackn-Reproductive Biology and
Endocrinology
Decreased levels of genuine large free hCG alpha in
men presenting with abnormal semen analysis
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